{"chapterKey":"india-themes/farming-technology","title":"Farming Technology","regionSlug":"india-themes","status":"published","photos":[{"sha":"d2461a56e00195d77cea6d4dafefefa79942d866f8bee9f1556149912247988b","caption":"Puddling a field near Karnal, Haryana, so it will hold water during the paddy season. Across the road, a tractor might do the same work. The transition from hand labor to machinery isn't always welcomed, especially by the laborers whom the machinery displaces.","width":878,"height":589,"aspect":1.4907,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/eba00203eb75684624bae67d57dafbb0","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/6696e95b1859c15cf78bf83aa94a96b2","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/e47ad6373802ed2a6d8e1e99b1a32f1d","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/e7404df29fca35538dd9ea1411c76fa4","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/e7404df29fca35538dd9ea1411c76fa4","altText":"Puddling a field near Karnal, Haryana, so it will hold water during the paddy season. Across the road, a tractor might do the same work. The"},{"sha":"674adfac92bc6d934b05ee29cf1b9ef090fe8bf05e479cfc699a1c52f895a26a","caption":"Cultivation south of Hissar, Haryana.","width":878,"height":589,"aspect":1.4907,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/81786955015b4e15529ebad16ae09a46","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/0207b730062676e53e0ebf9a6b16bc92","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/c827f17728f2762be3ebeddacb444fb8","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/874b1c3c4847034e573c8e74c1cb7caa","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/874b1c3c4847034e573c8e74c1cb7caa","altText":"Cultivation south of Hissar, Haryana."},{"sha":"27081ee739a5522d37071395d2b5b73a22d4851fe00691566e4164e279229950","caption":"Nearby, a neighbor cultivates with a camel. To the south it's no great distance to the Great Indian Desert, or Thar.","width":878,"height":589,"aspect":1.4907,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/eddd68a98ed6d6c2b67745aaf5dcc152","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/1ce57af1eec6011956310b3503b69c1f","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/3659dcf0836f9a494728277292cad7c4","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/552235b2e844b47e11eacc6311d296b0","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/552235b2e844b47e11eacc6311d296b0","altText":"Nearby, a neighbor cultivates with a camel. To the south it's no great distance to the Great Indian Desert, or Thar."},{"sha":"80017a41bf3767cb66bb7ab99a0b656278dbe7b0960cbe5f67be9b0b90c9ee2e","caption":"Straw is protected during the rainy season by ingenious, water-shedding stacks.","width":878,"height":589,"aspect":1.4907,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/bbc9ff2b17ea057808a891cf920eae89","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/07658fd7f2260dc7bc92e9ec2d04044f","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/ac0288498d57791a7e571f1019ba79a6","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/7101617c4ca40b22882a0a7969afb66d","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/7101617c4ca40b22882a0a7969afb66d","altText":"Straw is protected during the rainy season by ingenious, water-shedding stacks."},{"sha":"702ce9313c1b98080d684a0aa6c5922b1264e310209758c0b48e7c648d405a4d","caption":"As fodder is needed, the stacks are broken open.","width":878,"height":589,"aspect":1.4907,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/7457f8b1c5a65aa2d3464b6d45b57ef6","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/dbd8bec9b235756efb7b388068d349a9","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/dca14157148a6371a5b158372f666d1c","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a2bbd059dd09500fa8a24b5e8a32f14c","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a2bbd059dd09500fa8a24b5e8a32f14c","altText":"As fodder is needed, the stacks are broken open."},{"sha":"0b845b149a39e4e6bfc4de2a81d0e8ab4542f721390db5491d4853a25723346c","caption":"And this?","width":1632,"height":1224,"aspect":1.3333,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/6ca17cfed9f3afe9402e591f6204c6c0","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/b9d8e6652154b9e9a064ebd55681cc74","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a03dfa34d70c8f9ebf70c071c12ac791","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/8901c13a389c3cbe178c8e80b3d13e9d","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/0b845b149a39e4e6bfc4de2a81d0e8ab","altText":"And this?"},{"sha":"d81c90396ac5c5a1c9d1768bca563c12c2cbd8949508c9a1a52d4f5d4a4314e1","caption":"Here's an earlier stage in construction: cowdung cakes neatly stacked and ready for a protective wrap.","width":1632,"height":1224,"aspect":1.3333,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2200bb4e3a129ade11f28ebe6d31bc3d","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/9993280a6107a468ae7f7ddd7a55f053","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/70fd40bbac1d5dc7ebe83e882b1df5cc","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/59178db15a468a81de4fe78a8b0410ea","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/d81c90396ac5c5a1c9d1768bca563c12","altText":"Here's an earlier stage in construction: cowdung cakes neatly stacked and ready for a protective wrap."},{"sha":"d99b844b2627df1979298919bba7c9ddf6b8b6ab93967c82a672d4426ac3e51f","caption":"Still earlier.","width":1632,"height":1224,"aspect":1.3333,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/b50216eb590b9080d6972972c7b190fb","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/6583cf89784abbe9fc5504f6c7a6991e","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/1f7b067367c8ba3d3bce185187df91c0","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/42eb59fc25082d4c19b9698acddec76c","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/d99b844b2627df1979298919bba7c9dd","altText":"Still earlier."},{"sha":"00663bbbbf41fb50c587b00c2e8eddea4c882ec5f2c8338be1bcc7751320b1df","caption":"It's an industry in itself.","width":1632,"height":1224,"aspect":1.3333,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/9d23dccd7e08b8c044d828bec27f6745","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/f807b30624a745a3b99f6a960517856f","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/1a9765752ca3910106fe05209c4d4fd9","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/38fbe07033341ca40a66f5ccbd6a71e8","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/00663bbbbf41fb50c587b00c2e8eddea","altText":"It's an industry in itself."},{"sha":"12262a9b5a4dc72d0022cbfefbd2bd479b2e249f301ecacedcebb579b1baa9b4","caption":"The first step is forming and drying the cakes. They burn slowly and so are a very desirable domestic fuel, even though experts keen on using dung as fertilizer have castigated their use as fuel for well over a century.","width":1632,"height":1224,"aspect":1.3333,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/07a41eb5ad6435e21f7a2e7046f97059","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/1422116b869ee4b0b0a13da924ccc553","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/7bec7afeb4d862ba621b91e26b1d00fe","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/3c02ea3de0c6dfb14da65edf17d1a1b1","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/12262a9b5a4dc72d0022cbfefbd2bd47","altText":"The first step is forming and drying the cakes. They burn slowly and so are a very desirable domestic fuel, even though experts keen on usin"},{"sha":"157cc2b1f1fd26ecec77833e1f73cfae3befd08c98f29ab26b708a894034866e","caption":"Indian or British? These grain mills, at a drop along the East Jumna Canal, are found in virtually the same design throughout northern India and Pakistan. For pictures of the same kind of device there, see Pakistan: Swat.","width":884,"height":595,"aspect":1.4857,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a2520a923c4598cae9ac016d3d51d808","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/4dc88187e15fdae94cedec9f13e23181","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/abd1cee05bd7b4d98623b8bb71a5be6f","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/ac946ae260ec7428e36b08d144a3ffd9","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/ac946ae260ec7428e36b08d144a3ffd9","altText":"Indian or British? These grain mills, at a drop along the East Jumna Canal, are found in virtually the same design throughout northern India"},{"sha":"fe2da15f70a46474d6dd8d4cb115b3e38c58fb3b9c46d7b83a20a893a6cc6872","caption":"The winds of change: tractors for sale in Hissar, a town in an irrigated district west of Delhi.","width":884,"height":595,"aspect":1.4857,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/93a485c6972507e7cf1f03ade6987aae","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/dbcfe5939ff364efbd063ed4b400473b","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/94605f75c1f30d583ce6e5d2c1cc6884","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/54ebe9e358f079e8b5ac22eb847eedeb","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/54ebe9e358f079e8b5ac22eb847eedeb","altText":"The winds of change: tractors for sale in Hissar, a town in an irrigated district west of Delhi."},{"sha":"a4dc8f3bdb5a8cdc54d9ef55cdc0604dca359955688dde067d3db85e0c39856f","caption":"Rice harvesting by combine, west of Karnal. 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Between the drums at the left, a bit of crushed cane emerges.","width":880,"height":587,"aspect":1.4991,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/d3bc09d365d4dd1085d28f142f4d637e","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a79c18a5729c80f1959ebca8aa51c90e","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/317de0db4f14233d659355b244690c5c","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a61d197deb993b7acfc88cd0b372b814","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/a61d197deb993b7acfc88cd0b372b814","altText":"The British introduced steel-roller crushing machines. Between the drums at the left, a bit of crushed cane emerges."},{"sha":"6b78147caec2e7c1c7f975a7a998e685a3f7975fd032e5231b0e86ed44ece691","caption":"The juice will be poured into large pancakes to dry, then pressed into blocks. There are plenty of flies in the neighborhood, but the product—locally called *gur* but more widely known in India as *jaggery*—is very tasty, at least for anyone with a sweet tooth.","width":880,"height":587,"aspect":1.4991,"orientation":"landscape","layoutHint":"wide","srcThumb":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/488605a785299fe6a4aec30d7c237a37","srcSmall":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/9412341c7340d1327b6350fccbbafeac","srcMedium":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/2c91fc099dac419e9786686adc2b801e","srcLarge":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/d2dbd64c54d8dbe4b7e2ebb1241df3dd","srcOriginal":"https://wtbl.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/d2dbd64c54d8dbe4b7e2ebb1241df3dd","altText":"The juice will be poured into large pancakes to dry, then pressed into blocks. There are plenty of flies in the neighborhood, but the produc"}],"createdAt":"2022-02-28T01:22:29.000Z","updatedAt":"2022-02-28T01:22:29.000Z","lead":"Although it's possible to show tractors roaring through the fields of the Punjab, the commoner sight in India is the age-old one of a man behind draft animals. All those animals require fodder; hence the attention to neatly thatched fodder stacks.","visitedDate":"2000","publishedDate":"2000-05-22T04:00:00.000Z","originalUrl":"https://www.greatmirror.com/index.cfm?countryid=580&chapterid=167&picturesize=medium","heroSha":"d2461a56e00195d77cea6d4dafefefa79942d866f8bee9f1556149912247988b","authorLabel":"Bryan Wallach","_meta":{"sameAs":[]}}